Essays, research notes, building reflections, and developing ideas about learning, engineering, systems, and uncertainty.
Writing is where I externalize unfinished reasoning, test the strength of an idea, preserve how questions evolve, and make the uncertainty behind my work visible.
These writings are not separate from the systems I build. They preserve the questions, assumptions, failures, evidence, and conceptual changes that shape the projects and frameworks.
Much of my current writing explores what evidence can support when the phenomenon we care about cannot be observed directly.
An initial exploration of why humans may experience regret after simulating a better alternative, while an artificial system may perform a similar counterfactual update without an established subjective feeling.
Why does simulating what could have happened produce the feeling of regret in a human system, while a similar counterfactual update in an artificial system appears to stop at computation?
An investigation into how behavioral signals should influence credibility-oriented ranking when each signal differs in intentionality, ambiguity, context, and evidential strength.
How much weight can we give to each of the implicit and explicit signals?
An investigation into why views, likes, retention, and virality should not be treated as direct evidence of credibility—and which behavioral signals might cautiously reduce uncertainty about a technical video’s perceived usefulness.
When a platform observes engagement, what has it actually learned about the content or the learner?
A revision of the original Evidence of Learning framework explaining why Observation was removed and why Recall and Reflection were introduced in version 1.1.
Does observation represent the evidence of learning?
A reflection on why completing a lecture, course, book, or video does not necessarily demonstrate learning—and what observable evidence might justify greater confidence that learning occurred.
I thought I had learned until one question appeared: how do I know?